Studies on the Science of Buffering
The following are just some of the published research articles on buffering, or pH-balancing, of local anesthetic.
Taking the ‘ouch’ out – effect of buffering commercial xylocaine on infiltration and procedure pain – a prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial
Younis I, Bhutiani RP
Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Pain on Skin Infiltration with Lidocaine, with or without Epinephrine
McKay Warren MD; Morris, Richard MBBS, FFARACS; Mushlin, Phillip MD, PhD
Randomised control trial of pH buffered lignocaine with adrenaline in outpatient operations
Masters JE
pH-adjustment and discomfort caused by intradermal injection of lignocaine
A. Martin; David Wood
Pain reduction in local anesthetic administration through pH buffering
MD Richard A Christoph; RN, ENP Leslie Buchanan; RN, CFNP Kimberly Begalla; RN, ENP Susan Schwartz
Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia–II
Stewart JH, Chinn SE, Cole GW, Klein JA
Neutralization of lidocaine-adrenaline. A simple method for less painful application of local anesthesia
Momsen OH, Roman CM, Mohammed BA, Andersen G
Local infiltration of epinephrine-containing lidocaine with bicarbonate reduces superficial bleeding and pain during labor epidural catheter insertion: a randomized trial
Carvalho B, Fuller A, Brummel C, Cohen SE
Faster onset and more comfortable injection with alkalinized 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000
Malamed SF, Tavana S, Falkel M
Effect of warming and buffering lidocaine on pain during facial anesthesia
Haluk Talu, Orhan Elibol, Ates Yanyali, Levent Karabas, Banu Alp, Yusuf Çaglar
Decreasing the pain of local anesthesia: a prospective, double-blind comparison of buffered, premixed 1% lidocaine with epinephrine versus 1% lidocaine freshly mixed with epinephrine
Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD
Comparison of Three Modified Lidocaine Solutions for Use in Eyelid Anesthesia
Vernon Ho Yuen, Peter J. Dolman
Alkalinization of local anesthetics. Which block, which local anesthetic?
Capogna G, Celleno D, Laudano D, Giunta F
Alkalisation of lignocaine-adrenaline reduces the amount of pain during subcutaneous injection of local anaesthetic
Samdal F, Arctander K, Skolleborg KC, Amland PF
Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection
Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R
Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhances the depth of epidural blockade
Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Lauber R, Högström H, Scaramozzino P, Luginbühl M, Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM